Aspects of Materiality A Continuing Education Report...

Introduction The concept of materiality provides a topic for continuing educational discussion that many firms across the country find essential to the development of their audit staff. Measuring and using materiality to obtain desired results during an audit becomes the responsibility of the staff member of a CPA firm. Partners and managers of a firm typically allow the staff member to use his/her judgment when applying this concept during the fieldwork of an audit. The overall success of an audit relies at least in part on the materiality concept; therefore, staff members’ continuing education on the concept becomes important and necessary. This report will define the term materiality, determine how to measure materiality, and†¦show more content†¦The article discusses that in 1976 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in one case that omitted financial statement information altering a reasonable investor’s decision proves the material nature of the information. The article c ontinues by describing that lower courts earlier ruled that all financial information whether material or not must have full disclosure in a company’s financial statements. The rejection of the lower courts’ ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court gives the investor the ability to focus on the aspects of the financial statements that are most important by allowing the elimination of minute details (Sauer 2007, 317-357). In essence, this ruling allows for the elimination of financial information below the determined materiality threshold unless otherwise required by the ruling of a regulatory body. Measuring Materiality The FASB provides guidance for measuring materiality in an audit. Materiality incorporates professional judgment in practice; however, factual information and the consideration of the needs of the users of financial statements provide a guideline for measurement. The prevailing methods of measurement incorporate quantitative and qualitative characteristics ofShow MoreRelatedComprehensive Review in Accounting19880 Words   |  80 Pages | SET 1 1. An independent financial statement audit is important to financial statements users because it: a. Objectively examines and reports on special-purpose financial statements. b. It reduces cost of capital c. Objectively examines and reports on general-purpose financial statements. d. Objectively reports on the accuracy of information in the financial statements. 2. In relation to auditing, which of the following is a correct phrase? a. Auditing communicatesRead MoreAuditing and Assurance Service 15e Test Bank4436 Words   |  18 PagesWhich of the following is not a similarity between external and internal auditors? A) Both must be independent of the company. B) Both must be competent. C) Both follow a similar methodology in performing their audits. D) Both consider risk and materiality deciding the extent of their tests and evaluating results. Answer: A Terms: Similarity between internal and external auditors Diff: Easy Objective: LO 26-1 AACSB: Reflective thinking skills 5) External auditors would consider internalRead MoreSolution to Auditing and Assurance Service: 1,12,B, 329605 Words   |  119 Pagesof: (1) obtaining and evaluating evidence about assertions management makes about economic actions and events, (2) ascertaining the degree of correspondence between the assertions and the appropriate reporting framework, and (3) providing an audit report (opinion). Students can also respond more generally in terms of â€Å"lending credibility† to financial statements presented by management (attestation). 1.5 An attest engagement is: â€Å"An engagement in which a practitioner is engaged to issue or doesRead MoreSystem Audit12707 Words   |  51 Pages Planning the audit, materiality, risk assessment. 2) Effective information system audit. Evaluation of controls, types and tests of controls. Audit sampling, sampling methods, sample evaluation. 3) Audit automation and system testing: Computer assisted audit techniques. Traditional vs modern audit tools, Specialized audit software benefits and functions. Applications of CAATs. 4) Production of audit programmes. Evidence, Issuing reports, types of reports, followup activitiesRead MoreAuo 1 Study Guide Essay12292 Words   |  50 Pagesperform the tasks specific to their jobs or relevant to their personal needs. One category of application software is the personal productivity software familiar to most accountants—for example, word processing software (for creating documents and reports), spreadsheet software (for creating worksheets of rows and columns and also for graphing the data), database software (for creating files and databases of personal information), and personal finance software (for paying bills, creating personal budgetsRead MoreAudit: Auditing and Substantive Tests36648 Words   |  147 Pages| | B.   Adequate technical training and proficiency. | | The first general standard requires that the audit be performed by individuals with adequate technical training and proficiency as an auditor. The auditor must have obtained a proper education in accounting and auditing and then increase his/her knowledge and proficiency through experience. | | C.   Knowledge of the standards of field work and reporting. | | The first general standard requires that the audit be performed by individualsRead MoreSOLUTIONS MANUAL to accompany MODERN AUDITING ASSURANCE SERVICES4904 Words   |  20 Pagessignificant role in the regulation of auditors. ASIC is the statutory administrative body for the enforcement of the Corporations Act 2001. Government regulation is exercised through ASIC’s surveillance program which involves the scrutiny of all aspects of the financial statements of listed and some non-listed Australian public companies. The objective of this surveillance program is supplemented by an auditors’ review program and a liquidators’ review program. ASIC has the following powers andRead MoreAPES 110 Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants48669 Words   |  195 Pagesresponsible for the engagement and its performance, and for the report that is issued on behalf of the Firm, and who, where required, has the appropriate authority from a professional, legal or regulatory body. Engagement Quality Control Review means a process designed to provide an objective evaluation, on or before the report is issued, of the significant judgments the Engagement Team made and the conclusions it reached in formulating the report. Engagement Team means all partners and staff performingRead MoreInternal Audit Current Issue3701 Words   |  15 Pageson documenting and testing controls. At another company, internal auditors may serve primarily as consultants and focus on recommendations that improve the organizational performance. Also, internal audit reports are not standardizing due to the reporting needs vary for each company and the reports are not relied on by external users. Professional guidance for internal auditors is provided by the Institute of Internal Auditors Malaysia (IIAM). The IIAM is part of the worldwide body called The InstituteRead MoreBorland Software Corporation-goodwill and other intangible assets16413 Words   |  66 Pagesimplications of accruals for financial statement analysis. 2-1 Chapter 02 - Financial Reporting and Analysis OUTLINE ï‚ · Financial Reporting Environment Statutory Financial Reports Financial Statements Earnings Announcements Other Statutory Reports Factors Affecting Statutory Financial Reports Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAAP Defined Setting Accounting Standards Role of the Securities and Exchange Commission International Accounting Standards Managers Monitoring

Gross Domestic Product ( Gdp ) - 1695 Words

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is a description of a nation’s production levels for a period of time, as well as a measurement of economic viability. It is calculated by adding the consumption, investments, governmental outlays, and net exports of a nation in either one year or a quarter. The different components of GDP are at differing levels in each nation. China and Germany, for example, have substantial net exports, and Singapore comparatively relies much more on government outlays to grow its economy. Although the latter uses more governmental outlays than most nations, all nations to some degree make attempts to alleviate economic downturns, as well as to maximize upward movement. Though there must be concern for issues such as the notorious crowding out effect, government activity is often the catalyst to dramatic changes in the economy. The previous example of China as an exporter is true, however it must be noted that it too relies heavily on government expenditures to create a stable economy that has the financial infrastructure to grow. As a matter of fact, all the Economic Tiger nations had to use government planning to change their course from being impoverished nations, to being financial hubs with much room for opportunity in the work force. Japan alone, would not have become the first industrialized nation without its use of public loans and active national bank. Since understanding a government’s ability to spend is important for an economy, it is critical toShow MoreRelatedGross Domestic Product ( Gdp )920 Words   |  4 PagesGross Domestic Product (GDP) is an economic objective used to predict and measure economic growth and output. GDP is defined as the monetary value of all goods and services produced in an economy in one year. This includes manufactured and agricultural goods, as well as services such as hairdressing and plumbing. Gross domestic product can be measured for an economy is two ways, the expenditure method and the income method. Expenditure method: GDP= I + C + G +(X-M) I – private investmentRead MoreThe Gross Domestic Product ( Gdp )974 Words   |  4 PagesThe Gross Domestic Product (GDP) represents the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country s geographic borders in a determined period of time. It is used as a quantitative measure of the total economic activity of a nation, and it is usually calculated on an annual basis. The GDP can be determined in three different ways: output or production measure, income measure, and expenditure measure. In theory, it should all give the same number. The output or productionRead MoreGross Domestic Product ( Gdp ) Of A Nation949 Words   |  4 PagesGross Domestic Product Gross domestic product (GDP) of a nation is comprised of four primary components. These components; consumption, investment, government spending and net exports are the measure of the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country s borders in over a given period of time. This can be broken down in any time frame but is normally used quarterly and annually. The GDP can be calculated as; GDP (Y) = consumption (C) + investment (I) + governmentRead MoreGross Domestic Product (GDP) of a Nation Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesGDP Gross domestic product (GDP) of a nation is comprised of four primary components. These components; consumption, investment, government spending and net exports are the measure of the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a countrys borders in over a given period of time. This can be broken down in any time frame but is normally used quarterly and annually. The GDP can be calculated as; GDP (Y) = consumption (C) + investment (I) + government spending (G) + netRead MoreGross Domestic Product ( Gdp ) Economic Statistics1141 Words   |  5 PagesGross Domestic Product (GDP) economic statistics are one of the most closely watched stats throughout each country. In the charts listed above, the nominal GDP is greater than real GDP in each quarter of 2016 due to the nominal GDP reflecting current GDP at current price and real GDP reflecting current GDP at past year prices. Also, the chart reflects that the nominal GDP was greater than the real GDP for each q uarter of 2016 due to the value of the nominal GDP sub-categories (personal consumptionRead MoreHow Gross Domestic Product ( Gdp ) Is Calculated1444 Words   |  6 PagesUS020C438A Principle of Economics Hayley Hart Professor Steven Drinkwater Describe how Gross Domestic product (GDP) is calculated; discuss how good a measure GDP is of a country’s economic wellbeing. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be calculated in three ways, Income, expenditure and output methods. Mankiw and Taylor(2014) says that in the UK The Office of National Statistics produces a single measure of GDP to do this, three approaches are used (Income, Expenditure and Production) the equal amountRead MoreWhat Gross Domestic Product ( Gdp ) Is A Better Life? Essay867 Words   |  4 Pagesmay know what gross domestic product (GDP) is. And most people think that if a country has a high GDP, it tells us the country is strong. High GDP countries’ people have higher salary, higher material life, and more economic activity. However, it does not mean that high GDP countries’ people have a better life. For example, most of high GDP countries have serious pollution problem. Therefore, they have to spend a lot of money on health care. Do they really have a better life? Also, GDP has advantagesRead MoreThe Gross Domestic Product ( Gdp )1802 Words   |  8 PagesThe Gross d omestic Product (GDP) as per the definition found in research refers to the total market value of the total goods and services produced in the economy of The United States of America which are produced and serviced in a given financial year which may be produced in the boundaries of the nation. When transforming the GDP to real gross domestic product (RGDP), we adjust for the price changes, which may also be referred to as Inflationary pressures. This is because inflation or its oppositeRead MoreGross Domestic Product ( Gdp )877 Words   |  4 PagesGross Domestic Product (GDP) is a measure of value of output; it also reflects the wealth of countries. It can be measured by the function Q = f (K;L): if we want increase the quantity produced (and the national income), we should increase the labour (workforce) – represented by L – and the capital (equipment such as factory or machinery) – represented by K. The value and volume of output will grow up thanks to this to factors. For emerging countries, the issue is to find capital. They already disposeRead MoreTheu.s Gross Domestic Product ( Gdp )1695 Words   |  7 Pages Analysis of U.S economy Changes in GDP The U.S Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in the first of 2016 increased by 1.1 percent as per chart below. Later in 2015 1.4 percent increase is realized, earlier in 2014 there is decrease in the GDP with consecutive increase in the other quarters of the year, in 2013 there is increase in all the four quarters as per the chart 1 below retrieved from bea.gov. Chart 1 Chart 2 From chart 2 the percentage increase has been almost equal only in 2013 ranging

Demand and Supply of Iron Ore in Australia- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theDemand and Supply of Iron Ore in Australia. Answer: Today, iron is one of the most important resources in the world. Fundamentally, this is because the mineral is used in many industries as a raw material. Mainly, it is used in manufacturing industries throughout Australia and the rest of the world. Today, the metal is a major export product from the country. For this reason, any changes in its supply or demand significantly affect the performance of other industries in the economy. Over the recent past, the price of the metal has been low. However, according to an article in the Business Insider, its demand, and hence the price of the metal is expected to rise. In the article CBA says demand for Australian iron ore and coking coal will continue to increase the demand for the product is expected to rise and meet its supply. It is imperative to note that the article may be useful to various stakeholders. For instance, the article may attract the interest of manufacturing companies who use iron as a raw material in their production. In the same way, mining corporations may find the information contained in the article as useful. According to the news, the production of steel in the country is expected to rise in the near future. Consequently, this implies that the demand for iron ore is also expected to rise substantially since it is a main ingredient in the production of steel. In addition, the Australian government is also a key stakeholder in the mining industry. For this reason, government mining agents may take keen interest in the information provided in the article. Fundamentally, the information provided in the article can be explained in terms of economic concepts and theory. According to economic theory the demand and supply of a product influences its price. The law of demand postulates that a rise in the price of a good leads to a decline in its demand. On the other hand, the law of supply proposes that a rise in the price of a product brings about an increase in the quantity supplied of that product. However, some goods such as iron have a low price elasticity of supply (Khan, n.d.). For that reason, a significant increase in the price of iron brings about a less than proportionate increase in the quantity of iron ore supplied. From the article, the reader notes that the demand for iron ore in the country is expected to rise in the near future. More precisely, the author predicts that Australian iron ore exports to China will rise substantially (Pakiam, 2017). Notably, exports to China account for approximately 80 percent of the countrys iron ore export production (Business Insider, 2017). In addition, the demand for Australias iron ore is expected to increase again this year (Monfort, 2017). Furthermore, the demand from India is also projected to increase over time. Therefore, as economic theory suggests, the increase in quantity demanded for iron and its related products will create an upward pressure on its price, forcing it to rise. Graph illustrating the effects of increasing in demand on price Source: (Khan, n.d.). As noted earlier, iron ore has a relatively low elasticity of supply. Markedly, iron ore is a natural resource. For this reason, the resource is scarce and its extraction and production has to be done sparingly to avoid depletion (Adam, 2009). Holding this view, the mining of the product is done in moderation. In turn, it makes the supply elasticity of iron ore in the country low (Diss, 2016). A low elasticity of supply implies that the increase in price of iron following an increase in the demand for the product will be accompanied by a small increase in its supply. Therefore, a continued increase in the quantity of the resource demanded amidst a substantially inelastic supply would result in significant increases in the price of the good in the near future. Graph illustrating inelastic PES Source: (Khan, n.d.). By and large, the increase in demand of the commodity will be very beneficial for the Australian economy. Today, proceeds from the mining sector are a major source of government revenue in the country. More specifically, an increase in export demand for the product will raise export revenue for the country. Consequently, it will improve the countrys net exports and, thus, improve the nations balance of payment position. In this regard, it is crucial for the Australian government to initiate marketing strategies and policies that will ensure an increase in foreign demand for the countrys iron ore. Indeed, an increase in the level of demand from both local and international firms would increase the level of government revenue in the country. This way, the Australian economy will experience substantial increases in its GDP and, hence, economic growth. All in all, all factors taken into consideration, the demand and supply of iron the country is plays a significant role in the Australian economy. Through the article, the reader notes that the demand for iron ore is expected to rise in the near future. Largely, the rise in demand is expected to originate from economies such as India, China, and other Asian countries. On the other hand, the supply of the commodity is expected to change only by a small proportion. Mainly, this is because the mineral is a scarce resource. For this reason, a surplus demand over an inelastic supply of the commodity may bring about significant increases in the price of the metal. Imperatively, the increase in demanded for the product will be beneficial for the Australian economy. As such, the country will benefit from high net exports, leading to an improvement in the nations foreign account. Internal demand would also raise government revenue substantially. Hence, the government should instigate measures that ensure an increase in demand and supply of the commodity. Reference List Adam, G. (2009). Economic Theory Supply and Demand. [Online] Science 2.0. Available at: https://www.science20.com/gerhard_adam/blog/economic_theory_%E2%80%93_supply_and_demand [Accessed 20 August 2017]. CBA says demand for Australian iron ore and coking coal will continue to increase. (2017). [Online] Business Insider. Available at: https://www.businessinsider.com/cba-says-demand-for-australian-iron-ore-and-coking-coal-will-continue-to-increase-2017-5?IR=T [Accessed 20 August 2017]. Diss, K. (2016). Iron ore prices explained: What is causing the spike?. [Online] ABC. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-11-15/iron-ore-price-hike-explained/8028298 [Accessed 20 August 2017]. Khan, S. (2017). Law of Demand. [Online] Khan Academy. Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/supply-demand-equilibrium/demand-curve-tutorial/a/law-of-demand [Accessed 20 August 2017]. Khan, S. (2017). Supply, demand, and market equilibrium. [Online] Khan Academy. Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/microeconomics/supply-demand-equilibrium [Accessed 20 August 2017]. Monfort, J. (2016). Iron Ore Outlook and Implications for the Australian Dollar. [Online] Pound Sterling Live. Available at: https://www.poundsterlinglive.com/aud/6321-the-australian-dollar-and-its-link-to-iron-ore [Accessed 20 August 2017]. Pakiam, R. (2016). China demand for iron ore sets new record high for February [Online] Financial Review. Available at: https://www.afr.com/business/mining/iron-ore/china-demand-for-iron-ore-sets-new-record-high-for-february-20170308-gutwwn [Accessed 20 August 2017]

Synthesis of Aspirin Essay Example

Synthesis of Aspirin Essay Sypnopsis In this experiment, acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized from the acidification of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. The objective was to convert a specific amount of salicylic acid into the same amount of aspirin that was high in purity. Furthermore, the other objectives were to enable students to conduct the synthesis of aspirin, reinforce skills or recrystallisation and the technique of melting point determination. The amount of each compound should be the same because there is a 1:1 ratio between them. The purity of the synthesized aspirin was measured by determining its melting point and percent yield. Soluble impurities increase the range over which a compound melts and often decreases its overall melting point temperature1. If the experiment went as expected, a pure sample of aspirin with a high percent yield would have been obtained. The percent yield obtained was 56. 1% and the melting point was 134. 7- 136. 8. Introduction Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) is a versatile drug that is consumed in huge quantities worldwide. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with a wide range of physiological effects. The first discovery of aspirin occurred in England, in 1963, believing that the bark of willow trees with a beneficial effect in alleviating distress due to fevers, aches, and pains2. Salicylic acid was later extracted from the willow bark and it proved to be an active ingredient. Salicylic acid was synthesized from basic starting materials by 1860 which was helpful to the medicinal field but there were some problems2. Salicylic acid turned out to be irritating to the membranes of the throat, mouth, and stomach. We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Aspirin specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Aspirin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Synthesis of Aspirin specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The product had a high acidity of the compound but fortunately, successful amendments were done, namely, the replacement of the acidic phenolic hydrogen atom with an acetyl group. In 1893, a effective synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid was created, patented in 1899, commercialized under the trade name of ‘aspirin’ by the Bayer Company in Germany3. The name ‘aspirin’ was invented by the chemist, Felix Hoffman, who originally synthesized acetylsalicylic acid for Bayer3. At very low doses, aspirin is used to treat and prevent heart attacks and blood clots. At higher doses, it is used as an analgesic to reduce pain and as an antipyretic to reduce fever. At very high doses, it is an effective anti-inflammatory agent used to treat rheumatic fever, gout and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also an anticoagulant, it dissolves corns and calluses, and it provokes loss of uric acid (a toxin) but promotes retention of fluids in the kidneys. It kills bacteria and induces peptic ulcers. When ingested, acetylsalicylic acid remains intact in the acidic stomach, but in the basic medium of the upper intestinal tract, it hydrolyzes forming the salicylate and acetate ions. When ingested, acetylsalicylic acid remains intact in the acidic stomach, but in the basic medium of the upper intestinal tract, it hydrolyzes forming the salicylate and acetate ions. The exact mechanisms of its pharmacological actions are still under study. In many plants, salicylate can induce flowering. However, aspirin may cause side effects for example, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain and heartburn. Theory Aspirin is prepared from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride with the help of an acid catalyst. Concentrated sulphuric acid acts as a catalyst. After preparation, the product is purified. This is especially important for chemicals that are used as food additives and pharmaceuticals. The most common method of purifying solid organic compounds is by recrystallization. When an impure solid compound is dissolved in a solvent, it is then allowed to slowly crystallize out as the solution cools. As the compound crystallizes from the solution, the molecules of the other compounds dissolved in solution are excluded from the growing crystal lattice, giving a pure solid. Crystallization of a solid is different from a precipitation of a solid. In crystallization, there is a slow, selective formation of the crystal framework resulting in a pure compound. In precipitation, there is a rapid formation of a solid from a solution that usually produces an formless solid containing many trapped impurities within the solids crystal framework. For this reason, experimental procedures that produce a solid product by precipitation always include a final recrystallization step to give the pure compound. Figure: The esterification of salicylic acid by acetic anhydride5. The -OH group of salicylic acid that reacts with acetic anhydride to form an ester-like product. The carboxylic acid group of salicylic acid remains unchanged. Acetic anhydride is used because it is cheap and forms a by-product, acetic acid. Acetic acid is non corrosive and can be recovered to produce more acetic anhydride. Procedure 2. 4g of salicylic acid was weighed and poured into a 100ml conical flask. The actual weight was then recorded. In the fume hood, 6ml of acetic anhydride was added to the salicylic acid in the flask. To this mixture, 3 to 4 drops of sulphuric acid was added, swirled to mix and then heated in a water bath for 10-15 minutes to complete the reaction. The mixture was removed from the water bath while it was still hot and then 1ml of distilled water was added from a dropper carefully to decompose the excess acetic anhydride. An additional 40ml of cold water was added and stirred with a stirring rod to induce crystallisation. The crude product was collected by suction filtration and washed with a little cold water. The crude product is relatively impure; hence it was needed to be purified by recrystallisation. A solvent suitable for this recrystallization process would be a mixture of ethanol and water. The crude product was dissolved in approximately 5ml of ethanol in a 100ml conical flask and heated on a hot plate. To the solution, 30ml of hot distilled water was added in. The solution was then warmed till all solid has dissolved. The solution was allowed to cool. A clean, dry watch glass together with a filter paper was weighed and the weight was recorded. The recrystallised product was obtained by suction filtration using the weighed filter paper. The crystals and filter paper was transferred onto the weighed watch glass and dried in to the oven (100Â °C) for 15 to 20 minutes. The crystals, filter paper and watch glass are then placed in desiccators for 5 to 10 minutes. The dried crystals, together with the filter paper and watch glass were weighed. The weight was recorded and the weight of dried, recrystallised aspirin was calculated. The expected yield of aspirin was calculated from the amount of salicylic acid used. The percentage yield of dried, recrystallised aspirin was also calculated. The melting point of aspirin was determined. Results Mass of salicylic acid Mass of filter paper and watch glass Mass of dried, recrystallised aspirin, filter paper and watch glass Mass of dried, recrystallised aspirinMass of dried, recrystallized aspirin, filter paper and watch glass Mass of filter paper and watch glass Percent yield Number of moles of salicylic acid used (mol wt of salicylic acid = 138) Expected number of moles of aspirin Expected mass of aspirin Percent yield Melting point Temperature Range134. 7 – 136. 8 Appearance The crystals are white and shiny, shaped needle-like. The crystals resemble glass wool. Discussion The results and calculations shows how much acetylsalicylic acid was synthesized compared to how much salicylic acid was used. Since there is a 1:1 ratio between the two, then the amount of salicylic acid used should be equal to the amount of acetylsalicylic acid recovered at the end of the experiment. As the result shows, this is not the case, for 1. 83g of acetylsalicylic acid was harvested when 2. 40g of salicylic acid was used. This could have some effect on the purity; for the melting point of the harvested acetylsalicylic acid which is 134. 7 – 136. 8 was not very close to the theoretical melting point. The percentage yield is only 56. 1%. Since the final product was determined not to be very pure, it is highly likely that less than 1. 83g of the product was acetylsalicylic acid. Further analysis of the product will have to be done to determine exactly how pure the product actually was. There were several problems that could have contributed to the low purity or mediocre percent yield. When dissolving the initial amount of salicylic acid in the solution of acetic anhydride and concentrated sulphuric acid, it did not completely dissolve into the solution, even when it was heated. There could also be loss of product on the filter paper. Some crystals would be stuck onto the filter paper and this might have affected the mass of the crystals. The sample may not have been completely dried out before weighing. This could have a slight impact on the results of the overall yield of aspirin because it was possible that not all of the salicylic acid was synthesized. To determine if this affected the synthesis of aspirin at all, the experiment should have been ran a second time to see if the same thing occurred. Conclusion The experiment did not go completely as expected. The reaction yielded only 56. 1% of its expected product. The purity of the aspirin was not very high, because there might be impurities in the acid used. Reference 1. Henry, Dr. Geneive. 2004. Susquehanna University. Synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin). 2. The history of Aspirin, accessed 25th May 2009, 3. History of Aspirin, viewed on 13th Dec 2010, ; http://inventors. about. com/library/inventors/blaspirin. htm; 4. Theory, accessed 15th Dec 2010, 5. Dr. Carman. 2002. University of Nevada, accessed, 15 Dec 2010, ; http://tooldoc. wncc. nevada. edu/aspirin. htm; 6. Synthesis of Aspirin, accessed 13th Dec 2010, 7. Aspirin, accessed 14th Dec 2010,

Behavior essays

Behavior essays One of the problems with strict behavioral theory is that it very much ignores the human variable. When we reduce things strictly to stimulus and response, we can easily forget that there are human feelings, thoughts, and cognitions that are involved in the expression of a behavior as well. In the case of Roger a behaviorist will take everything at face value. If Roger comes in and says he is having trouble studying, it is very likely that the behaviorist will agree with him based on the observable evidence and come up with a reinforcement contingency of some sort to correct his problem. However, the behaviorist is not likely to explore Rogers motivations, interests, or his desires in life. The true cause of the behavioral problem may have to do with thoughts, feelings, or a persons concept of themselves. Behaviorism is ill suited to dealing with these highly abstract concepts. This means that while the behaviorist may address the problem and possibly even find a way to get Roger studying and into business school, he most likely will not be able to address the issue of whether or not Roger should be in business at all; or if indeed he should pursue his music interests. Likewise, behaviorism will be of little help in assisting Roger in his problems with his family, which a psychoanalytically oriented or cognitive therapist would most likely feel are very relevant in his situation. For example, there is a possibility that Roger could be much happier as a musician than as a business professional, and that deep down Roger knows this and that is why he is having difficulty studying. The conflict he is experiencing could be coming from the pressure of his parents who tell him (directly or indirectly) that he should be in the business field, that music is not valued by his father, and that his brother is a failure so Roger must make up for him and make his parents proud. ...

How to proofread a document - Emphasis

How to proofread a document How to proofread a document Proofreading isnt easy. Youre constantly fighting with your eyes and brain, both of which want to tell you that everything on the page is just fine. But to proofread well, you need to repress the urge to skip, skim and hope for the best; its time to knuckle down and process every word, writes Cathy Relf (who should know). 1. Take a break If you try and proofread straight after you finish writing, not only will you be blind to your typos, but you’ll think all your turns of phrase come across exactly the way you meant them. Take a break, do something else, preferably leave it overnight. Then come back to it fresh. 2. Don’t rely on spellcheck If you’ve ended your email with ‘kind retards’ instead of ‘kind regards’, spellcheck will think that’s just fine and dandy. Don’t trust it. Make sure you read every word, and if you’re at all unsure about whether you have the right word, look it up. It’s handy to keep a good online dictionary, such as Collins (our favourite) or Oxford, in your bookmarks bar. 3. Suspect the usual suspects Watch out for these ten most missed mistakes, such as affect and effect and compliment and complement. Print out the list and keep it handy for when you’re proofreading. 4. Print it out Reading on hard copy is the best way to spot errors. Print your document out, walk away from the distractions of your desk and sit down with just pen and paper. Or, if you don’t have a printer, export it as a PDF. Looking at the same words in a different format helps you spot errors that you hadn’t seen before. 5. Check your facts As well as looking for typos, incorrect or missing words, dodgy punctuation and suspect grammar, give your facts a final check. Are the decimal points in the right place? Have you written millions where you meant billions? Have you spelt the customer’s name right – and right every time? 6. Take it line by line When you read, your eye flits all over the place. But to proofread effectively, you need to find a way to make sure you read every word. You also need to see the words in the order they appear rather than the order your brain expects them to. Try using a ruler or blank sheet of paper to cover the rest of the text, forcing your eye to move along one line at a time, and a pen to point at each word. 7. Read it aloud Read it out to yourself. You’ll trip over the awkward bits in a way that you didn’t when reading, and notice missing or extra words. Better still, get someone else to read it out to you, or use Wordtalk, a free plug-in for Word. 8. Once more, with feeling Read it once for facts, once for language and once more for luck. Pay extra attention to titles, subtitles and headings – your eye often skips over these and assumes they’re fine when they’re not. Read them backwards to be doubly sure. 9. Get a second opinion Ask someone else to proofread it, too – someone eagle eyed and straight talking, who will tell you if your witty turns of phrase leave them puzzled or just plain cold. If you dont trust your own eye and you cant find a suitable colleague, consider employing a professional proofreader for particularly important documents. 10. Practice makes perfect The more you proofread, the sharper your eye will become.

(Intro Psychology) Phobias and Addictions (as related to classical and Essay

(Intro Psychology) Phobias and Addictions (as related to classical and operant conditioning) - Essay Example Both phobia and addiction are contrasting psychological disorders. While phobia causes fear due to certain substance, addiction increases dependency of certain substance. In short, phobias and addictions are two emotional difficulties which learning theorists can account for. Phobias and addictions can be better analyzed with respect to classical and operant conditioning in psychology. The theory of â€Å"operant conditioning† was formulated by B.F. Skinner in 1930. â€Å"It is based upon the idea that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. Changes in behavior are the result of an individual's response to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment† (Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner), n. d). On the other hand the theory of classical conditioning was put forward by Pavlov which states that certain responses can be developed with the help of certain stimulus. This paper analyses phobias in relation to theory of classical conditioning and addictions in re lation to operant conditioning. Phobias and theory of classical conditioning â€Å"Several types of learning exist. The most basic form is associative learning, i.e., making a new association between events in the environment. There are two forms of associative learning: classical conditioning and operant conditioning†(Classical conditioning, 2008). Pavlov explained his theory of classical conditioning with the help of a dog’s response to meat. ... However, the dog’s mouth filled with saliva immediately after hearing the bell. Pavlov argued that the stimulus (Sound of Bell) produced a response (the saliva). In other words, he proved that certain behaviors can be conditioned with the help of certain stimuli. Phobias can be explained with the help of classical conditioning. For example, suppose a person suffered the attack of a dog once. He can develop the phobia of feeling afraid of dogs from then onwards. It is not necessary that all dogs may attack human. However, the person who suffered the attack of a dog may always watch dogs with fear and concerns because of his previous experience. Addictions and theory of operant conditioning â€Å"Skinner used the term operant to refer to any "active behavior that operates upon the environment to generate consequences† (Wagner, 2009). â€Å"When a particular Stimulus-Response (S-R) pattern is reinforced (rewarded), the individual is conditioned to respond† (Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner), n. d). Skinner argued that certain stimulus can reinforce positive or negative behaviors. Consider a parent tries to wake up his son early in the morning at about 4am for studying his lessons. Initially the child may show some reluctance to wake up and study early in the morning. Also consider the child may be very much interested in having a black coffee early in the morning. If the parent provides him the black coffee after waking him up by 4 am for a period of one week continuously, the child may automatically wake up from the next week onwards asking for the coffee. Here the reward, black coffee has strengthened or reinforced the behavior of waking up and studying early in the morning. Addiction can be better understood with

Evaluation Report of the Practicum Experience Essay

Evaluation Report of the Practicum Experience - Essay Example assistant event manager included designing of sales and promotion strategies, organizing special events such as meetings, and customer logistics management. In this report, I have discussed DRG company profile, event management experiences gained, an evaluation of DRG and plans for my career success (District Restaurant Group, 2014). DRG Company that is located in Washington DC establishment was in January 2011. At inception, DRG main aim was to act as a social hub for entertainment and sporting activities, and offer catering services. DRG offer quality food and beverages of all varieties in its catering department. DRG boosts of different modern state of the art catering facilities and sporting technology within its premises. District Restaurant Group Company manages three key Establishments in DC metro region such as the Ugly Mug, Katherine’s Catering, Jake’s American Grill and District 2 Bar Grille. In addition, Exhibit 1 DRG organizational structure has one catering full time service branch under its management. DRG has maintained its market share through online marketing strategies such as Twitter and face book as well as constant identification of market opportunities such as accommodation of family or corporate events and parties. Ugly Mug sports and entertainment bar established in December 31, 2004 does its operations daily from Monday to Sunday stating from 11:00 am to Mostly 2:30 am. Ugly Mug provides opportunity for Washington inhabitants who are football fans to watch live matches as they drink Ugly Mug collection such as Blue moon, Heineken or Miller Lite. It also has a collection of food and beverages that satisfies the taste and preferences of its customers as they enjoy watching football games. Ugly Mug is located in Capitol Hill neighborhood of Washington DC neighborhood. It is one of the leading sports bar in Barracks Row area attracting Nationals, Capitals, Redskins and Other DC United Games. The bar has increased its public image

Analyse the way Beatrice and Benedick Essay Example for Free

Analyse the way Beatrice and Benedick Essay The characters Beatrice and Benedick in the William Shakespeare play â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing† can be described as sparring lovers. At the start of the play, it is difficult for them to converse without becoming involved in a â€Å"merry war† or a â€Å"skirmish of wit†. This attitude gradually changes as the play progresses. I shall analyse the way in which this attitude changes as Beatrice and Benedick engage in parlance. From Act One, Scene One, Beatrice demonstrates hypocrisy when to Benedick she says â€Å"I wonder that you will still be talking, Signor Benedick, nobody marks you†. The ironic part of this is that she is actually listening to him. Therefore, as much as she may like to deny it, she is giving the man she â€Å"detests† her undivided attention, and is noticing him. Benedick, in a quick flash of wit answers back â€Å"What, my dear Lady Disdain! Are you yet living? † As Benedick asks Beatrice if she is living, it presents the witty assumption that Benedick has not been aware of Beatrice’s presence. A very well-put reply to this from Beatrice is that â€Å"Disdain† can’t die whilst Benedick is there â€Å"feeding† it to carry on. This battle of wit which occurs between the both of them illustrates the deep loathing that they appear to have for one another. As we shall discover further on in the play, this seems only to be a guise for the immense passion they have for each other. There is, here, however, a suggestion from Beatrice that both of them have had a relationship before: â€Å"You always end with a jade’s trick. I know you of old†. The aforementioned evidence of a possible relationship provides a reason for the skirmish of wit, and also implies there may still be romantic feelings between the two. In Act Two, Scene One, Beatrice is dancing and having a conversation with a masked Benedick. It is not clear, and remains the decision of the reader whether Beatrice truly knows that she is speaking with Benedick. She goes on to describe him as â€Å"the prince’s jester, a very dull fool†. As there is a sense of possession â€Å"the prince’s jester†, it creates the impression that Beatrice sees Benedick as nothing more than a puppet. When speaking with Claudio, Benedick makes it clear he was shocked by this: â€Å"Lady Beatrice should know me, and not know me: the prince’s fool! Hah†¦Ã¢â‚¬  †¦ â€Å"Every word stabs†. Here, Shakespeare has used a dramatic device, ie: the masqued ball, and the inherent identity confusion to make Benedick believe that Beatrice had all along intended to speak ill of him. It is for this reason that I believe that Beatrice knew full well that she was indeed speaking to Benedick. In Act Two, Scene Three, Benedick is successful tricked into thinking that Beatrice is in love with him. However, this trick has not yet been carried out on Beatrice. In the garden, Beatrice approaches Benedick and announces â€Å"I do spy some marks of love in her†. This is ironic because there are none. The passion she shows is one of hate for what she is about to say: â€Å"Against my will I am sent to bid you come in to dinner†. When asked by Benedick if she â€Å"takes pleasure in the message†, she says â€Å"Yea, just so much as you may take upon a knife’s point† (ie: not at all). Benedick has got completely the wrong end of the stick in his soliloquy: â€Å"there’s a double meaning in that†, and thinks that she does not want him to come in, but instead to stay out in the garden with her. Hence, his going inside would not be a pleasurable message for her. However, this is an example of dramatic irony as we know this is not the case at all. Shakespeare points out the truth beneath the characters surface, as well as using language as his tool to juxtapose these feelings, in effect, switching the meaning around so that the connotations are what illuminate the truth. He is also able to use a technique to capture the truth beneath the surface of the characters. Everything that is spoken by the characters seems to have a deeper or double meaning under the words. In Act Four, Scene One, Benedick declares his love for Beatrice. He does this so she will call upon him to right Hero from the terrible injustice that recently occurred at the wedding scene. He asks her if it seems strange that he loves her. This is again an example of dramatic irony, because the audience knows that it’s not strange – she knows already that he loves her. Beatrice, usually extremely able to articulate herself is strangely not able to here. The use of commas and colons break up the following speech, as she is overcome by fierce emotions. She is therefore not able to articulate anything but the fact that she feels sorry for her poor cousin who has been wronged. â€Å"It were as possible for me to say, I loved nothing so well as you, but believe me not, and yet I lie not, I confess nothing, nor I deny nothing. † Beatrice, therefore equivocates here being deliberately ambiguous or unclear in order to mislead or withhold information, ie: her love for Benedick. This is particularly emphasised by the long sentence length. Benedick’s immediate rejection at the idea of killing Claudio â€Å"Not for the wide world! † elicits anger, and impatience in Beatrice who doesn’t wish to converse with Benedick any longer. After much deliberation, knowing it will please Beatrice, Benedick agrees to â€Å"use† his hand â€Å"in some other way than swearing by it†. In other words, he has agreed to engage Claudio in a duel. Beatrice’s reason for wanting him killed is that â€Å"he is now as valiant as Hercules†. This allusion to Hercules implies that Claudio has become too boastful, too big for his boots. In conclusion, it’s clear to see how the attitude between the two changes, and the relationship progresses. Shakespeare employs the use of juxtaposition to mask true feelings. The best illustration of this juxtaposition masking is of the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick. Their incessant banter and wit-battles mask the true feelings each has for the other.

Documentary Critique Essay -- essays research papers

This is a critique of" Roger And Me", a documentary by Michael Moore. This is a film about a city that at one time had a great economy. The working class people lived the American dream. The majority of people in this town worked at the large GM factory. The factory is what gave these people security in their middle working class home life. Life in the city of Flint was good until Roger Smith the CEO of GM decided to close the factory. This destroyed the city. Violent crime became the highest in the nation, businesses went bankrupt, people were evicted from their rented homes. There were no jobs and no opportunity. Life was so bad that Money magazine named Flint the worst place to live in the entire nation. When news of the factory closing first broke, Michael Moore a native of flint decided to search for Roger Smith and bring him to Flint. Michael Moore is the author and narrator of this touching film. He is seen throughout the film. He interviews many people and tries again and again to find Roger Smith. He is thrown out of private clubs, offices and yacht clubs. His authorial voice is observational. He tells all sides of this sad story. He interviews the people of Flint and GM executives including Roger Smith. He even interviews the few very well to do people in the now struggling city. One executive is used over and over in this film. His opinion is that "GM has to do what GM has to do to stay competitive", and " the nature of corporations is to ...

Survey’s Burger King, Wendy’s, Mcdonalds

Krystal Williams January 29, 2013 Intro to Marketing Marketing Strategies Assignment * McDonald’s * Wendy’s * Burger King 1. What age group is each targeting? * For McDonald’s the age group the restaurant is targeting will be from anywhere to 24-38 with children. * For Wendy’s the age group the restaurant is targeting the 24 to 49 year age group. * For Burger King the age group is targeting will be more for everyone from children up to the age of 50 year of age or older. 2. Do you agree with each one? Why/ or why not? Yes I do believe is the targeting rate for McDonald’s. McDonald’s is a family restaurant and the ideal place for kids and teenagers to go and sit down and eat. * Wendy’s is trying to give up on the fast food when it comes to the age group of 18-24 year olds. The chief executive Roland Smith said that â€Å"Wendy’s plan to target the 24-49 year age group. † I can kind of agree to what he is saying, because I don’t hardly hear people say I’m going to Wendy’s to grab something to eat, the main two restaurants I hear are McDonald’s and Burger King. Yes I do believe Burger King does target the age group from children to elder adults, because Burger King, because from my experience I see mostly everyone eating Burger King from children, to adults, and to elderly adults. 3. What changes in the technology environment have made it possible to YouTube to flourish? * YouTube can remind you of Google; when people want to look up something they just Google it. That is what YouTube is about. There are many viewers on YouTube uploading videos and watching videos. YouTube videos vary from music, movies, or how to do something. 4.How effective has YouTube between in distinguishing themselves from potential competitive? * YouTube corresponds to the mainstream media’s material to mass audiences. YouTube is controlled by viewers, listeners, and readers. 5. What technolog ical changes maybe on the horizon that could cause problems for YouTube? * The two only changes I can see that can cause a problem to YouTube will be sooner or later there will be a surcharge to having a YouTube account just to upload videos. Or something bigger and better comes out that can out do YouTube, like Facebook did to MySpace.

Marketing Plan for Lords Ice Cream Parlour

TABLE OF CONTENTS *1. 0 EXECUTIVE* SUMMARY ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’, one of the prime ice cream products situated in St. Johns Wood with a good market share is one of the best in that area providing ice cream with fresh taste and modern packaging. It was established in 1998, ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’, at present uses straight-line technology for manufacturing more than twenty three types of premium ice cream in its factory in Swiss Cottage, producing nearly 530 liters of ice cream each day . Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ has a two year marketing plan for current customers as well as its new consumers to attract and satisfy those target groups of consumer. The company wants to increase its market share by 7% and compete with the current and new entrants. For the next two years the company wants to increase its promotional activity. The management has a plan to utilise its one- fourth of its profit for promotional activity. The manag er is also planning to increase its branches in two to three different locations. *3. *0* COMPANY* PROFILE 4. 1 MISSION Mission is the organisation’s reason for existence. The mission describes the organisation’s shared values, beliefs and reason for being. ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ without playing an exception, being committed to achieving the highest quality products and positioning itself as a good brand by gaining the consumer’s trust aligns effectively to its guided mission that echoes-â€Å"The world of great taste†. This includes a dedication to review the existing operations, the evaluations and the creation of the new products by not only manufacturing the highest quality products but also delivering the product by maintaining this high quality. To satisfy the ever-changing needs of the customers, ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ is launching regularly new ice creams and introducing new flavours. Thus in a few words it can be said –‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ is based the relationship with customer. 4. 2 VISION The message from the managing director of ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ propagates as: â€Å"I dreamt of a business venture that would have distinct appeal to society for its unique qualities and eventually will become a role model for other business enterprises. This simple but extraordinary quality is â€Å"Be True to The Society. ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ as being a very prospective SBU’s which is guided by this similar vision. As a result this key philosophy has earmarked ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ as the most trusted and one of the better companies in the country. † 9. OBJECTIVES Corporate Objectives: To give an insight to the ice cr eam industry, the company and the product line. To make an assessment of the interaction between ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ and its immediate environment and analyse the impact of various trends upon its survival and long-term success. To conduct an investigation of the wide range of strategies pursued by ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ with a view to achieving its objectives. Marketing Objectives: To analyse the marketing strategies for ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ and assess its target consumers and competitors. To regain the 15% of the inactive member by December 2010. To provide an introduction of the strategic aspects of marketing with particular reference to the analysis of marketing mix. To increase the revenue by 12% by December 2010. To increase the market share by 7% by December 2010. To analyse the techniques of segmentation, targeting and positioning of products. To analyse the distribution channels and the role of intermediaries in the distribution network. To develop an appreciation of the need to evolve a promotional mix appropriate to the product. To explain and analyse the role of Marketing Research. To have a clear analysis of the various growth strategies for the market opportunity identification. Research was undertaken by gathering descriptive information from the managers, customers and employees in the form of personal interviews. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis has been emphasised. Both primary and secondary data were obtained through informal interviews with the company and questionnaires to customers. Moreover in cases where managers and customers were unwilling or unable to provide information, observational research played a vital role. It must be added that the report though, tried to give an overall view of ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’, it focused on London City as their area of study. Primarydata was first collected by taking in depth interviews of the Marketing Executive and Sales person to have a better insight to the marketing aspects of ice cream. Mostly personal interviews were undertaken since flexibility, quality of data that can be collected, speed of data collection and response rate is extremely high and information seems to be more reliable and effective. Only unbiased, relevant and valuable data of related issues were recorded to ensure a critical evaluation of the marketing techniques and strategies used by ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’. Problems were faced during the interview, as the managers were reluctant to disclose some of the confidential aspects of the organisation. All the data obtained were not always reliable and hence subject to error. Due to the time constraints I could not complete a comprehensive investigation and there were some areas that were left unexplored. In many occasions managers were hesitant to cooperate in providing honest answers. 8. 1 The Marketing Environment No business is large or powerful enough to create major change in the external environment. These factors are generally uncontrollable, thus market managers are basically adapters rather than agents of change. So it is vital for ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ to take these factors into consideration in every step of their decision -making process and day-to-day activities. THE MARKETING ENVIRONMENt {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} The Task Environment ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’s task environment consists of those micro groups in the environment such as suppliers, distributors, customers and competitors. These are interrelated groups that influence managers on a daily basis. SUPPLIERS: From 2010 January the management decided to open two new branches. And two other retail stores are interested to take the product from ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’. The main function of the distribution unit of ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ is to create a sequence of effective network so that an important strategic edge over competing channels are created and ensure a continuous flow of its products to the ultimate consumers – target market. The activation of the distribution channels proceeds from their factory and ends at the retail outlets of refrigerated vans. CUSTOMERS: Being the major source of survival and profit, customers form the most important component for an organisation like ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’. ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ considers customers as being their life-blood of survival and is taking the maximum innovative efforts that can be utilized for utmost customers’ satisfaction. Customers here can be segmented to family, kids, teenagers of high end, mid end and low end of the market. ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ operating in such ever-changing world of tastes and preference pays heed to customers’ choices and their attitudes. They, very keenly take on customers’ advice, try and amend as well as add new dimension to their business in order to ensure survival in this highly competitive industry. COMPETITORS: One of the most important forces that always keep an organisation on guard is its competitors. Competitors are organisations that produce similar goods. In the context of ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’, Movenpick, Baskin Robbins, Thorntons and Marine Ices are their competitors. But surprisingly, the marketing management of ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ views these local brands as mere participants in the same industry rather than as competitors. The General Environment Economic, technological, socio-cultural, demographic, political and legal, and global forces form the macroeconomic environment that ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ operates in are as follows: ECONOMIC: Economic forces are of concern to businesses involves producing goods and services that people want and pay for, as because the economy is an indicator of the general health and well being of a nation. ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ takes into account various economic factors, preferably the rates of inflation, the exchange rate and level of income. The prime reason for such is to have a control over its allocated budget for domestic and imported raw materials. But most importantly alertness of economic variables is necessary to determine ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’s pricing strategy so that all segments of the population can afford to buy their products. One of the most pervasive factors in the environment, the impact of technology is seen as the combination of skills and equipment’s that marketers use in their day-to-day operations. In ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’, use of technology can be seen in terms of the automated cone baking machines, chocolate making machines, injected deep freezers, milk processing machines and others. These innovate machines are able to produce ice creams at a faster rate while not undergoing any sacrifice in the level of quality, and thus their warehouse has capacities in five hundred liters. The socio-cultural environment is made of institutions and other forces that affect social values, perceptions, preferences and behaviour. In the context of a diverse people, ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ has customized its services according to the country's culture. While the producing ice cream, ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ puts strong emphasis in it. DEMOGRAPHIC: The demographic forces are of interest to marketing managers because it involves people and people make up the markets. Demography shows the populations inclinations towards certain social structure and the increase or decrease in certain age groups . For ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ demographic factors are of advantage if it shows an increase in the number children and teenage population (the most lucrative segment for the ice cream industry). POLITICAL AND LEGAL: The formation, maintenance and survival of any organization are dependent on the stability of a country’s political and legal system. A comprehensive analysis of the political and legal factors by ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ helps in ensuring stability in terms of its operations. The legal consideration lies in the awareness of various laws regarding import of raw materials and the like. 8. 2. * Current* Situation Analysis Core Competencies: Among its normal premium and novelty cup, stick and family pack items, chocobar is the most popular among consumers contributing 29% to the total sales, while vanilla, mega, cornelli and macho, each with sales of about 5%, and have also made their distinct places in the minds of the consumers. The company is giving its effort and concentration for some new and modified flavour of ice-cream. The company wants to increase its market share by 7% for which it is introducing some new marketing strategy and it will be implemented from the next year. Market information: ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ is in their 10th year of business. Being an ice-cream parlour in the St. Johns Wood High Street area, its main activity is to attract customer by its variety of ice-cream flavour. ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ possesses good information about the market and having a good idea about the consumer trends and the likeability of the consumers. And this information helps them to understand how well they can communicate with their consumers and how better they can be served. Geographic The geographic target for the ice-cream parlour is St. Johns Wood area. Five square kilometre people are targeted. Total targeted population is approximately 13,500 64. 9% are economically active and 35. 1% are economically inactive. A fulltime employee’s individual average income is ? 29,305. 48. 8% are educated and 52. 2% has got no qualification. Behaviour factors Recognize the need to have a good dessert like ice-cream. People likes ice-cream more than any other dessert. Ice cream is the symbol of lifestyle. Market needs: ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ is providing their customers delicious ice-cream and a place for enjoyment. It seeks to offer the following benefits that are important for their customers: Customer’s preference is to get healthy ingredients in their specific flavour. Customers also prefer a better service and attention from the staff. Market Trends: ?Last two years’ consumers has less money in their pocket, so that they are spending less money on dessert and ice-cream. Fitness is very important for the people, that is why people are avoiding ice-cream A big percentage of people are going to pubs and bars rather than coming to the ice-cream parlour. *09. * BCG MATRIX Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix is a framework for highlighting and analyzing product development policy and associated cash flows implications in a firm. The BCG approach is based on the philosophy that a product’s market growth rate and its relative market share are important considerations in determining its marketing strategies. The marketing strategies of ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ is based on the BCG matrix which includes an integration of the firms products into a single overall matrix and an evaluation to determine appropriate strategies for all the different strategic business units (SBUs) of the company itself and the overall portfolio strategies. ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ identifies the BCG matrix as a powerful tool To analyze the current situation of the company which is based on the present and projected market growth rate and proposed market share growth. To determine and classify each product expected future cash contributions and future cash requirements. To examine the competitive position of a product or a product line and the opportunities for improving products contribution to profitability In figure below, which is based on work by the Boston Consulting Group, consist of four quadrants in the grid, which represents distinct categories of SBUs or major products of ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’. The categories differ with respect not only to market growth share and industry growth rate but also on cash generation and needs for appropriate strategies. draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} {draw:rect} {draw:rect} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Cash Cow: Cash cow has high market share but low growth rate. Since its inception as a business in 1998, the Construction Company has had a remarkable track record and has grown to be a better co nstruction houses in the country. Long run survival through effective strategies of defending its market share by reinforcing customer loyalty has insured the generation of more cash than can be reinvested profitably in its own operations. As a result cash from the construction company flows out to support other SBUs that needs more resources. Star: Star has high market growth rate and high market share. The Marketing Manager of ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ identified Construction and Ice-cream as their star businesses. A number of prospective factors can be reckoned to as being responsible for both SBUs performance. Both Construction business and Ice-cream occupy a dominant position in the market. Star businesses usually grow very fast and have high prospects for growth. For example, Ice-cream grew by 3. 1% in the last year (2008), compared to their 5%in (2007). Question Mark: Question Mark has high growth rate, low market share. The identification of the marketing division of ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’ as its problem child, has characterized this business to have high prospects for growth but which has not yet achieved strong foothold in an expanding but highly competitive market. This inability to generate cash has resulted in poor profit margins and hence its need to be augmented by heavy investment from outside sources. Dog: According to ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’, no SBU (currently operating) falls under the grid of low market share and low growth rate, that is, the dog. On a concluding note, the long run health of any company depends on having some products that generates cash (and provide acceptable reported profits) and others that use cash to support growth, with no exception to ‘Lord’s Ice-cream Parlour’. Among the indicators of the overall health are the size and vulnerability of the cash cows, the prospects for the stars, the number of problem child, and dogs if many. 10. SWOT Analysis SWOT is the planning exercise used by ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’, which provides a framework for identifying internal strengths and weakness and the external opportunities and threats it faces. WEAKNESS: The major weaknesses of ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ comprises of: Incurrence of high-level expenses in the Research and Development (R) sector. High operating and maintenance expenses resulting from the large size of the business. Excessive reliance on foreign suppliers. Entering new related businesses – This is also visible through its new items as Ammo milkshake. Widening the product range. Seeking faster market growth. Exploiting new market segments. Changes in demographic factors. Change in consumer taste: This might result if there is an increased awareness among the health conscious people, which may cause a decline in the purchase of ice cream. Increase in foreign competition. Rise in new or substitute products. Changes in Political factors. 10. THE *Target *AUDIENCE (*Marketing*) The kind of market ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ operates in is characterized by the volatility of its general environment, the dynamism of its competitors and most of all the varying and the inconsistency of needs and buying preferences of the consumers market, which are important consideration guiding their day to day operations. Keeping this in mind, ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ has developed sound marketing programs, which starts with identifying the differences that exists within a market, deciding which segments will be selected and developing specific marketing mixes so as to influence intended customers, and overall perception of the brand, ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ . Market Segmentation ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ has designed various marketing mixes according to the different products needs and preferences with regard to the consumer market and has clustered people with similar needs into selected segments. Domestic Market Segmentation For a consumer-oriented company like ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’, whose main operations rallies around the domestic market, a lion’s share of its resources is devoted towards serving the domestic consumer segments. After thorough analysis, behaviour and demographic segments have been identified as their prime areas of focus. Demographic Segmentation From the viewpoint of an ice cream manufacturing company, demographic segmentation holds importance in terms of its close relation to customer product needs and purchasing behaviour and the ready measurability of variables such as consumers’ age and life cycle and their income. Age: This is the most important component of demographic segmentation. Over the years, ice creams were considered to as being more of a recreational product, but standing on this new century, the effect of globalization has placed ice cream as more of a regularity in our lives. ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ has divided its markets in segments according to different age groups such as kids, teenagers, and the family range. Different ages of people are influenced by different flavours of ice cream, different presentations of packaging and different product attributes. Kids incline more towards ice creams, which contains animated and colourful packaging, taste of sweet strawberry, fresh mango, pure vanilla, ripples, hazzle nut coating and crispy flakes. Teenagers prefer low calorie ice cream, more daring and wider range of tastes. Families are influenced more by ice creams that fulfil the general appeal and taste of all the members of the family. Income: Income is the key determinant of consumers buying behaviour. It is the most popular demographic variable for market segmentation. For a larger part of the population to buy the product, it is very important to segment the market in different income groups. This is given utmost importance in London where there is wide variation in the average levels of income. ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ has divided the market into three income groups – low-income group, mid-income group and high-income groups. Market Targeting After market segmentation, ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ goes for designing, implementing and maintaining marketing mixes intended to meet the needs of the target groups, resulting in mutually satisfying exchanges. Domestic Market Targeting The two general strategies ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ uses for selecting target markets are differentiated and undifferentiated marketing. DIFFERENTIATED: UNDIFFERENTIATED: Undifferentiated target strategies approach the segment as one big market with no individual segments and thus require a single marketing mix. Chocobar and the newly introduced Kulfi are the prime examples related to successful targeting of the mass market. Chocobar priced at ? 3. 4/-, mini chocobar priced at ? 2. and Kulfi priced at ? 1. 6 with sober colour packages enables ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ to go for mass marketing. Market Positioning Positioning refers to developing a specific marketing mix to influence potential customers overall perception of a brand, product line or organization. The marketing manager of ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ assumes a realistic view of how customers think about their offerings in the market. At the same time, the ma nger also knows how he wants target customers to think about its marketing mix. According to him positioning issues are especially important when a competitor in a market appearsto be very similar, with the ice cream industry being a prime example. ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ follows several positioning strategies. Products Attributes Macho – Exquisite Chocobar – Energetic Shell & Core – Metange Lolly – Eager Clown – Animating Mega – Energetic Coffee – Refreshing Ripple – Praiseworthy Pralin – Puissance Cornelli – Dual Usage Occasion: Usually consumers perceive ice cream as an integral part of summer. Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ aims at positioning ice creams to as being a winter item along with its regular summer item image. ‘Lords Ice-cream Parlour’ is trying to position its ice cream as a item for all seasons in other parts of the country like that is perceived in London, through different promotional activities. *11. THE* Marketing Mix There are many possible wa ys to satisfy the needs of target customers. A product can have many different features and quality levels. Service levels can be adjusted. The package can be of various sizes, colors or materials. The brand name and warranty can be changed. Various advertising media – television, newspapers, magazines, radio, and billboard can be used to attract the potential customers. A company’s own sales force or other sales specialist can be used. Different prices can be charged. Price discounts may be given and so on. With so many possible variables, is there any way to help organize all these decisions and simplify the selection marketing mix? The answer is – The customer is surrounded by the four P’s. There are additional three P’s newly invented by the marketer. An important point to note is the customer should be the target of all marketing efforts but it is not the part of the marketing mix. Hence, ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ follows this concept and places its customers in the centre. Product: for ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ the Product decisions revolve around developing the right product for the target market and this includes not only the physical unit but also features, brand name, company image, value and many other factors. Apart from maintaining a superior quality through its imported ingredients and bringing regular production consultants from Belgium, Denmark and Holland, the units’ separate R department regularly can analyzes new products through its market research to answer questions as: At what price consumers would like to buy the product. Flavours and essence to be used. Consumers’ feedback. Analyze other markets. ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’s Product line includes distinctive ingredients, as some are vanilla flavour with chocolate hazelnut or milk coating, some may have crispy flakes, others include cashew nut. On the other hand, to provide a taste of refreshment there are flavours including coffee, strawberry, mango, with almonds and ripples. Each of these delicacies has positioned itself as a unique brand in consumer’s mind. These eclectic tastes have been able to exceed consumer’s expectations resulting to delightful consumers and thus to the creation of a powerful company image. Apart from that ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ also can operates through some trolleys for extending its reach to various consumers at different locations as schools, alleys, streets, parks e. . c. Consumers – Availability of scratch cards through purchase of certain flavoured ice creams enables consumers to obtain different types of gifts such as iPod, mp3 player can be achieved by them. Also last year (2008) every purchase of Macho had a Kit Kat free. *PEOPLE*: The management of the ice-cream parlour is very particular about the selection of the people. They are hiring only the mot ivated, energetic and passionate people. The parlour has on job training and skill development continuous activity by which employee can be skilled. But from next year every after three months they are going to arrange a training and motivation program for the improvement of their business. *12. MARKETING* Growth Strategies ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’, like any other company, in order to maintain a stable growth rate, focuses on reviewing the existing operations, the evaluations and the creation of the new products by not only manufacturing the highest quality products but also delivering the product by maintaining this high quality. In seeking growth, ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ considers both its market and its products. It then decides whether to continue what it is doing – only do it better – or establish new venture. The product/market growth matrix depicts this option for ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’. The matrix is divided into four possible combinations of old and new products with old and new markets. {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:line} {draw:frame} MARKET PENENTRATION: Here, ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ tries to sell more of its present products to its present markets by the help of supporting tactics, which might include spending on price, promotion and packaging. For example, ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ regularly alters its ice cream packaging, and provides occasion oriented price cut. MARKET DEVELOPMENT: ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’s market development strategy is evident by its entry to an entirely new area – Marble Arch. In future, ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ plans to expand in other parts of London and are undergoing business consultancy of possible expansions in Netherlands. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: Nothing is more important to a company’s long-term survival and growth then the successful introduction of new products. By flipping through ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’sbook of achievements, it is evident that one of prime reasons for success has been due to constant introduction of new products. The exquisite Macho, energetic Mega, which hit the markets around two years back, were and are a real feast for ice cream lovers. The very recently introduced Kulfi has once again placed ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ to as being a people’s brand providing a world of great taste, and which deciphers ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’s drive to maintain satisfaction of all segments of the market. Lords ice-cream parlour’ has, for the time being confined itself only to the ice cream business. Any diversification related businesses would be future-wise. The Marketing Budget {draw:frame} Recommendations In spite of ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’s remarkable success certain loopholes in the marketing aspects has been detected. After my research I came up with some possib le steps and solutions that we would like to state below. Competitors are an important component of the task environment. ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ should pay heed to its potential competitors rather than treating them as mere counterparts. Lords ice-cream parlour’ should involve in backward vertical integration to lower the costs of value creation and lessen its reliance on foreign suppliers. For instance, incidence such as credit crunch may hinder the flow of supplies in the production process when there is excessive dependence on foreign inputs. To enhance the maturity level, ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ should undertake the task of sponsoring more social events such as concerts, cricket, football and other such tournaments to retain its popularity in the younger market segments. Emphasize should be given on TV commercials, to capture a greater share of the market. A proper customer help line should be developed to mitigate the further needs of the customer. Conclusion From an extensive marketing analysis of the ideas and marketing concepts at work in the operation of ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’, it is possible to obtain an insight to the essential marketing practices adopted by the company. Adherence to proper marketing strategies in terms of company objectives, paying heed to target consumers and potential and existing competitors, close relationship and liaison with distributors and suppliers ensure substantial market capitalization as indicated by ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’s market share of 63% in the ice cream industry. Evidently by virtue of its unique product attributes, high quality, exquisite and mouth- watering varieties of ice creams, attractive and distinct packaging, ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ has been able to ensure marketing excellence and enhance its competitiveness. Today’s fiercely competitive environment compels ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ to pursue the right set of pricing strategies, policies for effective segmentation and targeting, market oriented structures of distribution and retailing, which lies at the heart of the company’s success. Its new sales and distribution flow enables the company to achieve its desired goals. In its quest to create satisfying customer relationship and optimizing the performance of the entire system, ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’ has resorted to a system of timely distribution. With the combination of effective promotional campaign and advertisement in various media, it is able to retain valuable customers and inform them about multiple brands they are offering at present. Appendix This questionnaire is conducted only for educational purposes (For Customers Only) Name: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Profession†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. What is your age group? How long you are coming to this ice-cream parlous? Why have you chosen this place? Do you think ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’done a better job for their customers? What do you think about the product image of ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’? If you are satisfied then which factor- Do you think that ‘Lords ice-cream parlour’is one of the top ice-cream parlous? Manufacturing and Warehousing Capacity: Manufacturing Capacity: 530 liters per day. Warehousing Capacity: Warehouse No: 3 Nos Warehouse: Store Capacity Factory: 1,000 liters Technology and its usage of modern equipment: Machine Supplier: Mark – Italy Tetra pack (Hoyal), Denmark Sabore, Denmark Hass, Austria Machine Model: Free mark 1100, Italy FM 3000, FM 6000, Italy SL 600, Denmark Cone Baking: Hass, Austria Chocolate Making: Macentyre, UK.

James Clerk Maxwell essays

James Clerk Maxwell essays James Clerk Maxwell was a British physicist. Maxwell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland on November 13, 1831. He was educated at Edinburgh Academy from 1841 to 1847. He then entered the University of Edinburgh, and went on to study at the University of Cambridge in 1850, graduating with a bachelor's degree in mathematics in 1854. In 1860, he moved to London to become a professor of philosophy and astronomy at King's College. Due to the death of his father in 1865, Maxwell returned to his family in Scotland and devoted himself to research. In 1871 he moved to Cambridge, where he became the first professor of experimental physics and set up the Cavendish Laboratory, which opened in 1874. Maxwells first important contribution to science began in 1849, when he applied himself to examining how human eyes detect color. He proved Youngs theory that the eye has three kinds of receptors sensitive to the primary colors. He invented the trichromatic process. Using red, green, and blue filters, he took the first color photograph in 1861 of a tartan-patterned ribbon. This proved to be the ancestor of all color photography. Maxwell was best known for his work on the connection between light and electromagnetic waves. Electromagnetic waves are traveling waves of energy. Maxwell discovered that light consists of electromagnetic waves and established the kinetic theory of gases. The kinetic theory of gases explains the relationship between the movement of molecules in a gas and the gas's temperature and other properties. Maxwell's improvement of the kinetic theory of gases was inspired by his success in the similar problem of Saturn's rings. He believed that a solid ring would collapse, and that therefore the rings of Saturn must be made up of many small bodies orbiting the planet. This was concluded through photographs taken from the spacecraft ...

Lanthanides Definition in Chemistry

Lanthanides Definition in Chemistry Below the main body of the periodic table are two rows of elements. These are the lanthanides and the actinides. If you look at the atomic numbers of the elements, youll notice they fit in the spaces below scandium and yttrium. The reason they arent (usually) listed there is because this would make the table too wide to print on paper. Each of these rows of elements has characteristic properties. Key Takeaways: What Are the Lanthanides? The lanthanides are the elements in the top of the two rows located below the main body of the periodic table.While there is disagreement over exactly which elements should be included, many chemists state the lanthanides are elements with atomic numbers 58 through 71.Atoms of these elements are characterized by having a partially filled 4f sublevel.These elements have several names, including the lanthanide series and the rare earth elements. The IUPAC preferred name is actually lanthanoids. Lanthanides Definition The lanthanides are generally considered to be elements with atomic numbers 58-71 (lanthanum to lutetium). The lanthanide series is the group of elements in which the 4f sublevel is being filled. All of these elements are metals (specifically, transition metals). They share several common properties. However, there is some dispute over exactly where the lanthanides begin and end. Technically, either lanthanum or lutetium is a d-block element rather than f-block element. Yet, the two elements share characteristics with other elements in the group. Nomenclature The lanthanides are indicated by the chemical symbol Ln when discussing general lanthanide chemistry. The group of elements actually goes by any of several names: lanthanides, lanthanide series, rare earth metals, rare earth elements, common earth elements, inner transition metals, and lanthanoids. The IUPAC formally prefers the use of the term lanthanoids because the suffix -ide has a specific meaning in chemistry. However, the group acknowledges the term lanthanide predates this decision, so it is generally accepted. Lanthanide Elements The lanthanides are: Lanthanum, atomic number 58Cerium, atomic number 58Praseodymium, atomic number 60Neodymium, atomic number 61Samarium, atomic number 62Europium, atomic number 63Gadolinium, atomic number 64Terbium, atomic number 65Dysprosium, atomic number 66Holmium, atomic number 67Erbium, atomic number 68Thulium, atomic number 69Ytterbium, atomic number 70Lutetium, atomic number 71 General Properties All of the lanthanides are shiny, silver-colored transition metals. Like other transition metals, they form colored solutions, however, lanthanide solutions tend to be pale in color. The lanthanides tend to be soft metals that can be cut with a knife. While the atoms can exhibit any of several oxidation states, the 3 state is most common. The metals are generally quite reactive and form an oxide coating upon exposure to air. Lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, neodymium, and europium are so reactive they are stored in mineral oil. However, gadolinium and lutetium only slowly tarnish in air. Most lanthanides and their alloys quickly dissolve in acid, ignite in air around 150-200  °C, and react with halogens, sulfur, hydrogen, carbon, or nitrogen upon heating. Elements of the lanthanide series also display a phenomenon called lanthanide contraction. In lanthanide contraction, the 5s and 5p orbitals penetrate into the 4f subshell. Because the 4f subshell is not fully shielded from the effects of the positive nuclear charge, the atomic radius of the lanthanide atoms successively decreasing moving across the periodic table from left to right. (Note: This is, in fact, the general trend for atomic radius moving across the periodic table.) Occurrence in Nature Lanthanide minerals tend to contain all elements within the series. However, the vary according to the abundance of each element. The mineral euxenite contains lanthanides in nearly equal proportions. Monazite contains mainly lighter lanthanides, while xenotime contains mostly heavier lanthanides. Sources Cotton, Simon (2006).  Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley Sons Ltd.Gray, Theodore (2009). The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe. New York: Black Dog Leventhal Publishers. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-57912-814-2.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1230–1242. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Krishnamurthy, Nagaiyar and Gupta, Chiranjib Kumar (2004). Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths. CRC Press. ISBN 0-415-33340-7.Wells, A. F. (1984). Structural Inorganic Chemistry (5th ed.). Oxford Science Publication. ISBN 978-0-19-855370-0.

Why societies collapse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why societies collapse - Essay Example They have happened thousands of years ago and will continue to happen as new empires and societies rise and fall. There are different and numerous reasons for the demise and the fall of societies and for most of these societies and civilizations, the causes are the same and similar. The usual aspects that cause the collapse and the decline of a certain civilization or empire are economic, environmental, political, social and cultural factors. Some causes take effect immediately and others are gradual. Some reasons and factors for the collapse of a society are certain and others, a mystery. Throughout world history, there are several notable and famous empires and kingdoms that have collapsed after several years of their rise and development politically, economically and socially. The Han Dynasty in China was one of the most influential and the most powerful empires in ancient China. Today, the majority of an ethnic group of people in China are called â€Å"the people of the Han.â₠¬  Even though they were greatly powerful and was an immense empire, they collapsed after four hundred years of reign and rule. There were several reasons why this great and grand empire and dynasty declined and eventually collapsed and fell. One of the main reasons for their ruin was the wars and the invasion and attacks by different groups that resulted in the weakening of the empire’s economy. ... ty, in an attempt to make reforms that would effectively reinstate and bring back the success, prosperity and the glory of the empire, made far-reaching modifications and alterations. However, natural disasters struck and resulted in a scarcity of food supply. Rebellions by peasants sprung up and Wang Mang died soon after. Although the Han dynasty was able to recover from the great downfall of the economy, it never regained back its great success and affluence and in 220 AD, formerly collapsed and came to an end. After hundreds of years on the other side of the world, the Roman Empire also experienced its rise and fall. Just like the Han Dynasty, it was one of the greatest empires in history and similarly, there were also a number of different grounds and causes of its fall. One of the said key reasons was the split of the Roman Empire between the West and the East (also known as the Byzantium Empire.) There were also several civil wars that occurred. Some emperors such as Commodus g ave in to immorality and practiced violence, which caused his assassination and this resulted in the beginning of the collapse of the empire. The Roman people ultimately lost their power as barbarian ns in the North frequently invaded and attacked. The Roman army started to become disloyal to the empire. The infrastructures such as bridges and pathways were not maintained, causing trade and communication to stop. Christians were heavily persecuted and people gathered in crowds and cheered on as people died violent deaths. The falling economy caused food supply to run out. With all these troubles and problems, the Roman Empire in time collapsed and fell. The causes and reasons for the fall of both the Han Dynasty in the East and the Roman Empire in Europe ere certain. However, it is not

WORKING WITH AND LEADING PEOPLE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

WORKING WITH AND LEADING PEOPLE - Essay Example In that case, the retention, selection, as well as the recruitment process is imperative for every firm. In recruiting a new member, there is a need to have a different document, the firm must obey the statutory laws, and go beyond the sequential procedure of selecting (Bell 2012).The human resource department has the mandate to select the right people and prepare a document that details various rules as well as regulations. The management of the restaurant needs to prepare a document detailing various aspects such as the approval of recruitment. The concerned departments who require a new worker then send a draft, which has a description of the position and the necessary education as well as skills that are required. Subsequently, the draft is approved and sent to the HR department. The selection as well as recruitment process commences after the management gives an approval with regard to the request. The approval should have an electronic copy that has the advertisement as well as the copy of the draft. In the document, there is also the description of the position for which the restaurant needs to recruit new trainees. This is imperative for every firm since it cannot change the position after the advertisement of the post. It is also to be understood that the post needs to be approved by the management and should include the responsibility of the new staff (Dessler 2011). After the position description there is the advertising section, which needs to be approved by the director. Through the advertisement, the firm will get the right candidates and can be done using various channels such as the use of print media, open advertisement, or electronic means. The advertisement will also include announcement on the vacancy, the required competencies, and payment among others. The HR department will need to obey the legal procedures of advertisement (Bell 2012). In selecting an applicant, I would